Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. The explanation of the transition from the Colonial and Sedentary Periods
to the Classic Period of Hohokam as the immigration of Salado people has
its roots in what theoretical approach?
a. Cult archaeology
b. Historical Particularism
c. Unilinear Evolutionism
d. Neoevolutionism
e. Post-processual archaeology
2. Why are paleoanthropologists unable to determine the exact time
period when apes and humans diverged from monkeys?
a. no fossils exist from the period 5 to 10 million years BP
b. there was no volcanic activity between 5 to 10 million years BP
c. Potassium-Argon dating does not work after 5 million years BP
d. they have not excavated sites in South America where this
transition is thought to have occurred
e. mitochondrial DNA evidence suggests that humans and apes do not
share common ancestry
3. The most recent moundbuilder culture of Eastern North America
was the:
a. Mississippian
b. Paleo-Indian
c. Hohokam
d. Chavin
e. Oldowan
4. Which of the following is a plant species domesticated in the
New World?
a. Wheat
b. Rice
c. Millet
d. Maize
e. Barley
5. In lecture Dr. McGuire argued that the creation of megalithic
monuments such as Stonehenge to mark celestial alignments served:
a. as a computer
b. as Druid temples
c. to Justify inequality through control of information.
d. to decrease reliance on agriculture.
e. to predict solar eclipses.
6. Cultural evolution refers to:
a. biological evolution
b. historical change through time
c. ordering of cultures according to increasing complexity or progress
d. cultural variation within societies
e. historical particularism
7. An example of the differences between Neanderthals and fully modern
humans is?
a. modern humans have larger brains
b. Neanderthals have more pronounced brow ridges
c. only modern humans made and used stone tools
d. there is no evidence that Neanderthals buried their dead
e. Neanderthals needed the assistance of extra-terrestrials and modern
humans did not
8. Most archeologists agree that the route traveled by the first
inhabitants of the Americas was:
a. from Africa
b. across the Bering Land Bridge
c. via open water crossings of the Pacific Ocean
d. via open water crossings of the Atlantic Ocean
e. across the Laurentiad Glaciers
9. The Levallois technique refers to:
a. a Neanderthal
prepared core technology
b. a cave site
in Spain
c. the discoverer
of Cro-Magnon
d. a species of barley
e. portable art
10. ethnographically-known hunter/gatherer groups:
a. constantly struggle to survive
b. are always sedentary
c. do not have to spend long hours in search of food.
d. are either barbarians or savages
e. lived only in Africa
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points
each).
11. Why is the Ice Man referred to as the first European but not the first Italian? Is either of these labels accurate?
12. List two positive and two negatives aspects wrought by agriculture?
13. List two differences between the concepts of "historical particularism" and "cultural evolution."
14. What are two critiques Thomas (in Archaeology Down to Earth) makes of neo-evolutionary explanations?
15. List two "firsts" that characterize Homo erectus?
16. What are the three principal agricultural crops of Pre-Columbian North America ("three sisters")? Where were they domesticated?
17. Binford and Bordes suggest competing theories to explain variation in types of Mousterian tools. What is the key factor in each theory that accounts for this variation?
18. Look at the slide projected on the screen. What are two ways in which this presentation misrepresents Paleolithic cave painting in order to make it conform to our modern notions of fine art?
19. What are the hidden assumptions in Von Daniken's theory of ancient astronauts regarding technology and colonialism?
20. Thomas in Archaeology Down to Earth contrasts Peeble and Kus' study of burials at Moundville with McGuire's study of Hohokam burials. What is one contrast between these two studies?
Name _______________________________ Section
#_______
Instructions - Answer the multiple choice and short answer questions on
this exam. Answer the essay question in the blue book provided.
Be sure to put your name and section number on the blue book.
GOOD LUCK !!!
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. Which theoretical framework in archaeology explains culture change in
terms of invention, diffusion, and
migration?
a. Neo-evolutionary
b. Marxist
c. Historical particularism
d. Post-processual
e. Cultural-ecology
2. V. Gordon Childe's theory on the origin of agriculture is best described
as:
a. Homo erectus moving out of Africa in one wave of migration
b. Desiccation at the end of the Ice Age drives people, plants and
animals to oases
c. Mesolithic hunters settle on hilly flanks where they find wild
forms of plants and animals
d. Population pressure moves people away from hunting and gathering
and into agriculture
e. Agriculture originated in China and diffused around the world.
3. At the site of ________ in _________ footprints of Australopithicus
afarensis in volcanic ash demonstrate these hominids were bipedal.
a. Lascaux, France
b. Altmira, Spain
c. Laetoli, Tanzania
d. Clovis, New Mexico
e. Pompeii, Italy
4. According to Thomas in his book Archaeology Down to Earth archaeology
of the mind includes the study of:
a. Iconography
b. Migration
c. Adaptation
d. Diffusion
e. Cultural systems
5. East of the Movius Line Homo erectus tool assemblages are characterized
by:
a. Hand axes
b. Chopper tools
c. Fluted points
d. Levallois flakes
e. micro-liths
6. During the Pleistocene the lowering of sea level due to glaciation created
a land mass called ______ that included modern Australia.
a. The Bering Land Bridge
b. Sahul
c. Pangea
d. Mesoamerica
e. Sydney
7. On the Stonehenge film the British archaeologist Richard Atkinson refers
to the builders of the monument as "howling Barbarians". Which theoretical
framework does this statement reflect?
a. Unilineal Evolution
b. Historical Particularism
c. Neo-Evolution
d. Post-Processual
e. Feminist
8. What was the earliest animal to be domesticated?
a. Llama
b. Goat
c. Dog
d. Guinea pig
e. Cow
9. Hominids are believed to have originated in:
a. North America
b. Asia
c. Europe
d. Africa
e. Australia
10. Currently archaeologists and Native Americans are debating what
should be done with the ancient skeleton known as:
a. The Kennewick Man
b. The Ice Man
c. Lucy
d. The Black Skull
e. Zinj
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points
each).
11. Based on the discussion in Thomas' book Archaeology Down to Earth, define
sex and gender.
12. Define ascribed status and achieved status. How would an archaeologist
recognize ascribed status in the past?
13. Why could Mycenaean Greeks not have built the Stonehenge monument
in Salisbury, England?
14. List four characteristics that make humans unique from other primates.
15. In what way was the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture
revolutionary and list three reasons why the “agricultural revolution” was
not really a revolution?
Why revolutionary?
Three reasons it was not really a revolution?
16. What was the difference between Lewis Binford's and Francois Bordes'
interpretations of variation between the four Mousterian (Neanderthal)
tool assemblages?
17. How does a cultural evolutionary approach differ from a historical
approach in how each orders societies?
18. Give two advantages of hunting & gathering as a way of life
and two advantages of agriculture as a way of life?
Hunting & Gathering:
Agriculture:
19. You have learned in class that theory is very important to archaeologists.
Why is theory important?
20. In Europe, what were two kinds of tools in the Mesolithic stone
tool assemblage that did not occur in the Upper Paleolithic?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2007
Name _______________________________ Section #_______
Instructions - Answer the multiple choice and short answer questions on this exam. GOOD LUCK !!!
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
In general, Native Americans believe:
According to the “Grandmother Hypothesis,” what uniquely human trait may have significantly influenced the origins of culture?
Which site provides the most well-known and compelling evidence for a pre-Clovis settlement in the Americas?
Franz Boas advocated which of the following:
The “Oasis” hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East was developed by:
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. Why did Spaniards differentiate between Arawaks and Caribs?
12. Cultural evolutionists sometimes referred to present-day foragers as “living fossils.” Explain what this means and give one reason why present-day foragers are not “living fossils”?.
13. List four changes that occur in plants or animals when they are domesticated?
14. Why are single-purpose explanations for Stonehenge unacceptable?
15. How did Francios Bordes’ explanation for four different tool assemblages in Neanderthal caves differ from the explanation of Lewis and Sally Binford?
16. What are two reasons that Paleolithic painted caves are not art galleries?
17. What are two possible routes for the peopling of North America?
18. List two reasons that corn is the most domesticated of all plants.
19. How does a nationalist interpretation of the Iceman differ from the European Union’s interpretation of the Iceman?
20. The archaeological theory of Neoevolution interprets change in evolutionary terms and Post-Processual theory interprets change in terms of history. What is the difference between cultural evolution and history?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2009
Name _____________________________________________ Section #_______
Instructions - Answer the multiple choice and short answer questions on this exam. GOOD LUCK !!!
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. What term from the Kehoe and Pleger reading refers to theories that seek to explain archaeological data with ideas drawn from science fiction and other “hyped” sources?
2. Which of the following is considered unique to modern humans?
3. What was the earliest animal to be domesticated?
4. Emil Haury used a cultural historical (historical particularism) approach to interpret the Sedentary to Classic Period transition among the Hohokam. He attributed this transition to_________________.
5. One of the criteria of legal maritime cannibalism on European ships was:
6. According to “Patterns in Prehistory,” the Tehuacán Valley provides an example of:
7. This site, located in south central Chile, contains remains of a well-preserved open-air camp dating before Clovis at about 12,500 years ago.
8. According to “Patterns in Prehistory,” which model of modern human origins states that modern humans evolved first and only in Africa, then migrated to the rest of the world and replaced all other hominin forms with little to no genetic interchange with other forms?
9. Where was the Ice Man discovered?
10. In England, archaeologists define a “henge” monument as a:
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. List four characteristics of Neanderthal biology or culture
12. Define two kinds of cannibalism.
13. Describe two ways domestic animals can vary from their wild ancestors.
14. In order to examine the biological ancestry of the first Americans, the chronology and geography of their colonization, and the economic and technological basis of their colonization, we need to appeal to different evidence. Name two of the categories of evidence that scholars use.
15. What are two differences between a processual and a post-processual archaeology?
16. Define V. Gordon Childe’s Oasis theory for the origins of agriculture in the Near East.
17. Define sexual dimorphism.
18. Michael Parker Pearson has suggested that the Neolithic village of Durrington Walls is contemporary with the earliest monuments at Stonehenge. How does he interpret each site?
19. How does a nationalist interpretation of the Iceman differ from the European Union’s interpretation of the Iceman?
20. What were the three most important aboriginal agricultural crops in the North American East and the North American Southwest? Where were these crops first domesticated?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125 Second Exam - Spring 2010
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. The best documented cases of cannibalism are among:
2. Which set of human remains, found in Washington State and originally misidentified as Caucasoid, was the center of legal struggle between Native Americans and certain scientists?
3. What Southwestern, North American cultural group had an extensive irrigation system to support agriculture in their desert homelands and ritual ball courts?
4. The discussion of bipedalism has focused on several major avenues of research, one of which is biomechanics. How does Wenke and Olszewski (2007) define Biomechanics?
5. V. Gordon Childe’s Theory on the Origins of Agriculture proposes:
6. The earliest Hominid out of Africa was:
a) Australopithicus africanus
b) Homo habilis
c) Homo erectus
d) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
e) Homo sapiens sapiens
7. The people of a nation share
8. Following the analysis of the Ice Man’s metal axe blade, it was determined that he lived during the:
9. Lascaux and Altamira are famous sites tor their.
a) Cave paintings
b) Stone tools
c) Megalithic monuments
d) Human remains
e) Evidence of agriculture
10. Working near Stonehenge the archaeologists Michael Parker Pearson has claimed that:
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. What are two reasons that Paleolithic cave art should not be equated with paintings in a museum?
12. Give two reasons that cultural groups should not be labeled as cannibals.
13. Why do archaeologists primarily excavate in caves to find Paleolithic sites?
14. How does the Man the Hunter and the Women the Gatherer theories, respectively, account for the lack of estrus in human females?
15. What are two differences between a processual and a post-processual archaeology?
16. There are positive and negative aspects to both agricultural and hunting and gathering lifestyles. List 2 positive aspects of each.
17. Give two reasons that Native Americans often disagree with archaeological interpretations of the peopleing of the Americas.
18. In what major way did the processes of domestication differ between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere?
19. How do corn, beans and squash nutritionally complement each other?
20. List two characteristics of the Mississippian culture of the eastern United States.
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2011
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. . Owen Lovejoy proposed a theory for the origins of _________?
a) the state
b) Stonehenge
c) bipedalism
d) agriculture
e) archaeoastronomy
2. The Hominid that paleoanthropologist call the “Handy Man” or “Tool Maker” was:
a) Australopithicus africanus
b) Australopithicus robustus
c) Homo habilis
d) Homo erectus
e) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
3. According to Patterns in Prehistory, this site, where materials such as mastodon flesh, a human footprint, log foundations and plant remains were preserved, represents some of the best evidence for the “pre-Clovis” theory of the peopling of the Americas.
a) Stonehenge
b) Monte Verde
c) Chaco Canyon
d) Teotihuacan
e) Averbury
4. After working around Stonehenge for several years, Michael Parker Pearson argued that:
a) Stonehenge was a site of human sacrifice
b) Stonehenge was the village of the dead and Durrington Walls was the village of the living
c) Stonehenge was built by Druids
d) Stonehenge was built by the Romans
e) Stonehenge was a complex, early version of a computer
5. Which of these animals was first domesticated in the Eastern hemisphere?
a) Turkey
b) Llama
c) Alpaca
d) Guinea Pig
e) Sheep
6. According to Patterson in Inventing Western Civilization,
a) scholars have always agreed on the definition of civilization
b) the concept of civilization did not exist until the 19th century
c) the concept of civilization has changed over time
d) only Europeans have civilization
e) the West was the first civilization
7. From the movie, Raising the Hunley, where did archaeologists recover the ship?
a) off the coast of Charleston Harbor
b) 5 miles off the coast of Crete
c) 6 miles from the coast of Japan
d) near Ellis Island
e) of the coast of Cancun in México
8. One critique of the Solutrean origin theory for Clovis is?
a) the lithic technology of the two traditions is radically different
b) the Solutrean of east Asia occurs 1,000 years after Clovis
c) Solutrean sites in Alaska are not near the ice free corridor
d) the Solutrean in Europe pre-dates Clovis by 5,000 years
e) Solutrean sites have only been found in South America and Clovis only occurs in North America
9. The Hopewell culture occurs in
a) Europe
b) Eastern United States
c) Southwestern United States
d) East Asia
e) Rift Valley of Africa
10. Paleolithic art
a) first appears with Neanderthals
b) was made over a period of 10,000 years
c) only occurs in caves
d) never represents humans
e) never includes representations of carnivores
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. What are the four characteristics that distinguish humans from other primates?
12. Why did Spanish conquestadors routinely label the people they encountered as cannibals?
13. List two reasons why archaeologists emphasize grasses (and not tubers) as the first plants domesticated for agriculture.
14. How does the Man the Hunter and the Women the Gatherer theories, respectively, account for human bipedalism?
15. Archaeologists identify a creative explosion after 40,000 BP. List two new developments that mark this explosion.
16. Theory in archaeology focuses on the relationship of human action and material conditions. List two types of material conditions.
17. What are two differences in the Oasis Theory and the Hilly Flanks Theory for the origins of agriculture in the Near East?
.18. What are two of the three traditions of archaeology in the world? Please give an example of each.
19. What are two provisions of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 and how does each impact archaeology?
20. What are two reasons that our understanding of the Upper Paleolithic is biased towards Europe?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2012
1. What hominid has the largest brain size by volume?
2. Tasmanians during the colonial period did not have dogs because
3. The _______ is the oldest domesticated animal.
4. What did the Iceman Otzi have that showed his possible higher status?
5. What stone points are commonly associated with some of the earliest peoples in the Americas?
6. Teosinte is a wild plant that is believed to be the ancestor of what domesticated crop?
7. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s critique of civilization centered on what issues?
8. The Hopewell and the Adena peoples of North America
9 Gustaf Kossina
10. Michael Parker Pearson explains Stonehenge as
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. Many theories of pre-agricultural lifestyles are based on the lives of modern hunter-gatherers. What are two reasons why this might not be appropriate?
12. Why does the European Union fund archaeologists looking for Celtic sites?
13. List two reasons that many archaeologists reject the theory that Clovis points spread across North America with Solutrean migrants from Europe.
14. Archaeological theory has switched back and forth between emphasizing evolutionary perspectives and emphasizing historical ones. What are two differences between an evolutionary perspective and a historical perspective?
15. List two migratory routes that people would have used for the initial colonization of the Americas.
16. What does Patterson see as the essential feature of civilization? Be specific.
17. Name four traits or characteristics an archaeologist might investigate when looking at a collection of pottery sherds.
18. What are two pieces of evidence that archaeologists might use to infer the practice of cannibalism at a site?
19. Where does the ‘African Eve’ and the ‘Multiregional’ models place the origins of modern humans.
20. What are two reasons that our understanding of the Upper Paleolithic do not reflect sites and data from Asia and Africa?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2013
1. An example of an intensive form of agriculture is:
a. slash and burn farming
b. wet rice (paddy) farming
c. dune farming
d. dry farming
e. oasis farming
2. An Atlatl is a…
a. projectile point
b. tool-maker rather than a tool
c. spear thrower
d. hand-axe
e. portable art
3. Which theory hypothesizes that settlers crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to settle in America, introducing the technology for making Clovis points?
a. the Coastal Route hypothesis
b. the Bering Land Bridge hypothesis
c. the Clovis First hypothesis
d. the Solutrian hypothesis
e. the Holocene hypothesis
4. The Ice Man is:
a. the oldest preserved body of a modern human.
b. evidence of a mountain top sacrifice.
c. an Australopithecene.
d. the oldest remains of a modern human.
e. a hoax perpatrated by male archaeologists.
5. According to Patterson in Inventing Western Civilization, civilization:
a. is a universally-accepted scientific concept.
b. was invented by English monarchs during the 18th century.
c. is a concept that has changed over time.
d. is restricted to Europeans and their descendants only.
e. died out after the fall of the Roman Empire.
6. The display of the Parthenon (or Elgin) Marbles in the British Museum is an example of what kind of archaeology?
a. Colonial archaeology
b. Imperial archaeology
c. Nationalist archaeology
d. Indigenous archaeology
e. Processual archaeology
7. Archaeologists have studied the ____________ culture to understand the origins of agriculture in the Levant, in Southwest Asia.
a. Maya
b. Hohokam
c. Koobi Fora
d. Harrapan
e. Natufian
8. The total replacement model and the multi-regional evolution model (or candelabra) model are competing theories to account for
a. the origins of Homo sapiens sapiens
b. the origins of agriculture
c. the peopling of the Western Hemisphere
d. the domestication of animals
e. the origin of the state
9. The most convincing evidence for cannibalism at the site of Cowboy Wash in southwest Colorado was
a. rock art depicting a cannibal feast
b. an account in the journal of Alfred Packer
c. human protein in a human coprolite
d. skull cups
e. Hohokam oral histories
10. Michael Parker Pearson explains Woodhenge as
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. What are two reasons that our understanding of the Upper Paleolithic is biased towards Europe?
12. How did the Woman the Gatherer theory explain the evolution of increased bipedalism, and menopause?
13. Name two reasons that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture shortened the average life span.
14. Emil Haury defined a phase sequence for the Hohokam, by tracking the development of their architecture and ceramic styles, and identifying the traits introduced by Salado migrants. Is this a historical or evolutionary approach? Explain why.
15. What are two characteristics (other than houses) that Wenke and Olszewski (Patterns in Prehistory) discuss in Neolithic, Southwest Asian villages such as Jericho and Ain Ghazal?
16. Cultural evolutionists sometimes referred to contemporary hunters & gatherers as “living fossils.” Explain 1) what this means and 2) give one reason why they are not “living fossils.”
17. List two changes that occurred in Hohokam culture between the Sedentary and Classic periods.
18. What evidence suggests that the Ice man was murdered?
19. Describe the ‘African Eve’ model for the origins of modern humans.
20. What are two ways that Nazis used archaeology to legitimate the goals of National Socialism?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2014
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. What is Indigenous Archaeology?
a. Archaeology that seeks to establish the origins of a nation
b. The study of human evolution
c. Archaeology conducted with, by, and for indigenous peoples
d. An example of cultural evolution
e. A theory developed by Gustaf Kossinna
2. In Inventing Western Civilization, Patterson argues that:
a. Civilization emerges from a state of barbarism
b. The idea of civilization is constructed in a particular context
c. Civilization is a superior way of life
d. Civilization evolves only in China
e. The idea of civilization is static throughout time
3. Where is the earliest evidence of hominids found?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. Western Europe
d. South America
e. Australia
4. According to the film Stonehenge Decoded, the site of Stonehenge was?
a. A Roman temple to the sun god
b. A place where weddings took place
c. A site for druid divining ceremonies
d. A monument to dead ancestors
e. A device for tracking the movement of the stars
5. Cannibalism as a topic of study in archaeology is problematic because:
a. Too many archaeologists have mysteriously disappeared while studying cannibals
b. There is no reason to believe it has ever happened
c. People who engage in dietary cannibalism lack any other protein sources
d. The idea of cannibalism is often used to justify oppression
e. It can never be proven from the archaeological record
6. Which of the following is generally believed to have contributed to the increasing complexity of the Mississippian culture?
a. The expansion of maize agriculture
b. The arrival of immigrants from Mesoamerica
c. Warfare against the Sioux
d. A catastrophic river flood in 1054 A.D.
e. The arrival of the Spanish in North America
7. The “hobbits” found in Indonesia are thought to be island variants of:
a. Neandertals
b. Homo erectus
c. Homo sapiens sapiens
d. Homo habilis
e. Homo ergaster
8. The contemporary “Paleo Diet” trend:
a. Accurately reflects the diet of Paleolithic humans
b. Stresses the consumption of only fruits and vegetables
c. Fails to take into account that Paleolithic humans ate a varied diet depending on the environment
d. Is only marketed to women
e. Reflects more the diet of Neandertals than Homo sapiens sapiens
9. Debitage is another word for:
a. Material deposited by a flooding river
b. Ceremonial burial items
c. An economic system based on debt
d. Material added to clay to improve its strength
e. The waste flakes produced from stone tool making
10. What stone points are commonly associated with some of the earliest peoples in the Americas?
a. Mousterian
b. Oldowan
c. Mississippian
d. Clovis
e. Natufian
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. In the film The Death of the Iceman, there were three theories presented to explain the iceman’s death. Where was the iceman found and what are the three theories about his death?
12. List four examples of plant species domesticated in the Americas.
13. Why was the Tasmanians’ lack of fire and dogs not evidence of their primitivism?
14. How do the two main hypotheses for modern human origins (1. the African Origins, Total Replacement, Noah’s Ark, or Eve model; 2. the Continuity, Multiregional Evolution, or Candelabra model) differ?
15. The man the hunter theory attempts to explain four characteristics of humans that make us unique as primates. List these four characteristics
16. There are three major traditions in contemporary archaeology: Nationalist, Imperialist, and Colonialist. Define two of these traditions with an example.
17. What is the difference between ritual cannibalism and dietary cannibalism?
18. The French may claim that art originated in France because the majority of Paleolithic cave paintings are found in that country. What are two problems with this statement?
19. What are the four stages of social organization proposed by neoevolutionary theory?
20. What are two possible migratory routes that people could have used for the initial colonization of the Americas?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2015
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
Guinea pigs were domesticated in South America for
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
12. How did Otzi (the Ice Man) change from being the first Italian to being the first European?
13. List two positive aspects of the hunting gathering lifestyle and two negatives associated with the development of agriculture.
14. What are two similarities between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens?
15. What are the two cross-cutting debates that Dr. McGuire discussed in his lecture on archaeological theory?
16. List two reasons that corn (Zea maize) is the most domesticated of all plants.
17. What are two characteristics of Nationalist archaeology?
18. What are two reasons that archaeologists now reject the Clovis First hypothesis for the peopling of the Americas?
19. List two regions of the world where Homo erectus remains have been found.
20. List two qualities of ceramics that indicate that the material observed is earthenware.
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2016
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
“______ is not a thing: it is an idea, a concept, a way of organizing reality” (Patterson 1997:22)
According to your text and lecture, which tool technology is associated with Homo erectus?
Domesticated crops appeared approximately how long ago?
Societies that resort to cannibalism in survival situations are
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
12. List two routes that people may have used to populated the Americas. Provide one example of evidence supporting each type of passage.
13. List four regions of the world where wild plants were independently domesticated and identify one plant domesticated in each region.
14. What are two differences between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens?
15. Name the two most famous centers of monumental architecture in North America:
16. Why are scientific theories of when Native Americans arrived in the Americas problematic for indigenous people?
17. What are two characteristics of Colonialist archaeology?
18. What are two reasons that archaeologists now reject the Clovis First hypothesis for the peopling of the Americas?
19. List two of three foods that, in the prehistoric Midwest, marked the transition to the agricultural way of life
20. What is temper in ceramics? Why do potters add temper to their clay?
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2017
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
What species of hominid are we?
a) Homo habilis
b) Homo erectus
c) Homo sapiens
d) Neanderthals
e) Homo heidelbergensis
Which of the following, based on the in lecture movie, is a theory for how Otzi the Ice Man died?
Otzi got lost on the mountain and froze to death
Otzi fell from a higher peak and died from the trauma
Otzi was mauled by a wild animal
Otzi was killed while being robbed of his gold
Otzi was assassinated due to a clan struggle
Why did the Tasmanians not use fire?
According to Feder, when archaeological material is found on federal land, it belongs to…?
According to Wenke and Olszewski, genetic data suggests what region as a possible origin for populations entering the Americas?
Where are the best-documented cases of cannibalism found?
The discussion of bipedalism has focused on several major avenues of research, one of which is biomechanics. How does Wenke and Olszewski (2007) define Biomechanics?
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. As described in Patterns in Prehistory, what are four major ways that humans are fundamentally different from other primates?
12. List two pieces of evidence for the development of culture among the Neanderthals..
13. List one reason that agriculture is revolutionary and one reason that it is not revolutionary.
14. Anthropologists recognize four forms of cannibalism. List all four.
15. Define temper as it relates to ceramic production and list three materials that potters might use for temper.
16. What are the three stages of 19th century unilinear cultural evolution? Which stage did Europeans believe themselves to be in?
17. According to Feder, why is archaeology housed within the anthropology department?
18. Wenke & Olszewski mention that there are multiple ways in which Homo sapiens diverged physically and behaviorally from pre-sapiens forms of Homo in the period between about 300,000-40,000 years ago. List 4 of the 7 ways explained in the readings.
19. What are two reasons that prehistoric caves should not be seen as art galleries?
20. List two fanciful theories about how humans first came to the Americas.
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2018
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. The idea of ordering cultures by some dimension such as progress or complexity is characteristic of:
a. Particularism
b. Feminism
c. Cultural Evolution
d. Civilization
e. History
2. Why did Feder say that there were no fish bones found at Wood Lily?
a. The bones were burned up in the hearths
b. Fish remains would not preserve in the acidic soil
c. Fish remains were deposited elsewhere
d. The people at Wood Lily ate the whole fish
e. There was no water near Wood Lily
3. What is teleology?
a. It is a principle used in Historical Particularism
b. It is the dialectic between human action and material conditions
c. It is an explanation of something based on its end goal
d. It is an ordering principle used in biological evolution
e. It describes changes through time
4. The earliest hominids come from which geographic region?
a. Europe
b. Southwest Asia
c. Pacific Rim
d. East Africa
e. North America
5. Which hominid was the earliest hominid scientist retrieved DNA from?
a. Neanderthals
b. Australopithicus
c. Homo habilis
d. Homo erectus
e. Fully modern humans
6. In Patterns in Prehistory, which model proposes that the first Americans traveled across the Bering land bridge and then south using an open passage through the glaciers?
A. Across the Atlantic
B. Coast-hopping from Beringia
C. Ice-Free Corridor
D. The Alaskan Route
E. The Great Lakes Retreat
7. On which continent have archaeologists NOT found evidence for the origins of agriculture?
a. North America
b. South America
c. Australia
d. Africa
e. Asia
8. What is the strongest evidence of cannibalism?
a. Coprolite with human protein
b. Figurine representations
c. Rock art
d. Oral history
e. Painting on ceramics
9. According to the film “Ötzi: The Iceman Murder”, Otzi has the oldest known example of which disease?
a. Ebola
b. Lyme
c. Smallpox
d. HIV
e. Syphilis
10. Wenke and Olzewski (Patterns in Prehistory) discuss four categories of evidence for analyzing human origins. Which of the following is one of those categories?
a. Paleontology
b. Psychology
c. Sociology
d. Linguistics
e. Historical Archaeology
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. List two major changes in the Hokoham culture of the Southwest/Northwest between the Sedentary and Classic Period.
12. Define Ethnocentrism.
13. What are two problems with both the Man the Hunter and Women the Gatherer models?
14. Wenke & Olszewski mention that there are multiple ways in which Homo sapiens diverged physically and behaviorally from pre-sapiens forms of Homo in the Middle to Upper paleolithic Period between 300,000-40,000 years ago. List 2 of the 7 ways explained in the readings.
15. List 2 characteristics of Neanderthals that relate to cultural development.
16. List two critiques of the Solutrean origin theory for Clovis.
17. List two common but false assumptions about Hunters and Gatherers.
18. Agriculture allowed for the rise of social domination. What are two ways agriculture permits these kinds of social conditions?
19. List two characteristics of the Mississippian culture of the late Woodland period as discussed by Wenke & Olszewski.
20. We saw the movie, “Ötzi: The Iceman Murder”. List two pieces of evidence that supports the movie’s conclusion that Otzi’s death was a homicide.
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2022
Instructions - Answer the multiple choice and short answer questions on this exam. GOOD LUCK !!!
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was important because it…
2. The ranking of cultures according to progress or complexity is known as:
3. How were anatomically modern humans able to traverse into Oceania and the Americas during the course of human evolution, tens of thousands of years ago?
4. What is unusual about the site of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey?
5. What theory states that agriculture began when the population pressure forced people into a marginal environment?
6. Which of these most accurately describes cases of cannibalism in the Southwest?
7. What was found in Ötzi’s stomach?
8. According to the Patterson book, which civilization did highly influential Harvard political scientist Samuel Huntington say represents the “universal civilization”?
9. The DNA test proved that the Kennewick Man found in Kennewick, Washington, is:
10. Which of these is true about hunter-gatherers?
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. List the 3 traditions of archaeology in the world and name one that characterizes U.S. archaeology.
12. List four traits modern humans share with other primates.
13. What are four differences in animal and plant domestication between the western and eastern hemispheres?
14. According to the Bahn book, (Archaeology: A Short Introduction) why did archaeologists think they had the right to desecrate sacred sites and remove objects from sites without seeking permission from their descendants?
15. According to the Patterson book, Francis Bacon and René Descartes used the scientific method to ________
16. What is the relationship between cannibalism and colonialism?
17. Critique one of Christy Turner’s criteria for cannibalism.
18. Give three reasons that archaeologists used to believe that art or imagery was first produced in the European Upper Paleolithic. What evidence has recently refuted this view?
19. List 2 characteristics of processual archaeology and 2 of post-processual archaeology.
20. Define indigenous archaeology.
ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Second Exam - Spring 2023
Instructions - Answer the multiple choice and short answer questions on this exam. GOOD LUCK!!!
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)
1 A type of hominid known as the handy man:
a. Australopithecus
b. Robustus
c. Africanus
d. Homo Habilis
e. Homo Erectus
2. An anthropologist studying hunting/gathering society in Great Basin Shoshoni of CA, UT, and NV in 1930:
a. William Smith
b. John Nance
c. Margaret Mead
d. V. Gordon Childe
e. Julian Steward
3. Which of the following is concrete proof of cannibalism?
a) Starvation
b) C oprolite with human protein
c) Cut marks on human bone
d) Violence
e) Polish on human bone
5. Domesticated animals were:
6. The oldest documented species in the genus of Australopithecus is found in Ethiopia from 4.2 to 3.9 million years ago. This famous Ethiopian fossil was known among the first Australopithecus:
a. Martha
b. Lucy
c. Lydia
d. Lea
e. Sophia
7. According to Bahn and Fagan, a possible factor causing the extinction of Neanderthals is:
a. They were killed by velociraptors
b. Absorbed into modern humans
c. Failure in climate adaptation
d. Starvation
e. Competition or violence among themselves
8. Which anthropologist is associated with Historical Particularism?
a. E. B. Tylor
b. Louis Leakey
c. V. Gordon Childe
d. Franz Boas
e. Julian Steward
9. Visitors to Lascaux in France
10. Where did the Norse land and live in North America?
a) Iceland
b) Massachusetts
c) Florida
d) Newfoundland/Labrador
e) Deleware
SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).
11. What are two other explanations for the evidence of possible cannibalism in the Pueblo (Anasazi), Southwest/Northwest?
12. What were four grains that were domesticated with the emergence of agriculture?.
13. What are two things that archaeology has done in the recent past to be more inclusive of Indigenous people?
14. How does Patterson in Inventing Western Civilization define civization?’
15. List four unique characteristics that only humans have compared to other primates!
16. How would the Man the Hunter theory account for human bipedalism? How would the women the gatherer theory account for bipedalism?
17. Critique one of Christy Turner’s criteria for cannibalism.
18. List four reasons that the interpretation of Paleolithic cave paintings reflects the European biases.
19. List three characteristics that the people of a nation share. Which one does archaeology contribute to?
20. What was the Clovis first hypothesis and why do archaeologist no longer accept it?