14. Both Spanish explorers and the Aztecs exaggerated the amount of human sacrifice at Tenochtitlán. Why would each of these groups over-report the number of Aztec sacrifices?

15. Why are elite monumental burial/funerary structures more elaborate at the beginning of a civilization? Give one example.

1. According to Wenke & Olszewski, 3 of the traditional sociocultural types used in evolutionary models are:

1. hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists, and industrialists
2. rural, urban, and inner-city
3. anarchistic, democratic, and monarchy
4. bands, chiefdoms, and states
5. religious, secular, and multi-ethnic

1. carving lines into stone tablets
2. tying knots to make Kipus
3. using beads
4. oral tradition
5. gold coins

1. they have become very comfortable using the term
2. the term has come to mean any form of social organization
3. it is too ingrained in the popular imagination
4. Newt Gingrich will not let them
5. it is too important as a distinction between complex and simple societies

1. The Phoenicians
2. The Canaanites
3. The Greeks
4. The Egyptians
5. The Assyrians

1. The Historic Period
2. The New Kingdom
3. The Old Kingdom
4. The Late Period
5. The Middle Kingdom

1. We have learned the methods of garbage study. The project randomly selects ____________ from each

1. In the film Raising the Hunley, archaeologist Robert Neyland must deal with specific issues related to

1. using trowels underwater
2. conservation of metal
3. GIS plots
4. protecting from shark attack
5. establishing and maintaining square grids

1. The largest Ancient city in the Western hemisphere was:

1. Monte Verde

1. Martin Bernal’s controversial book questioning dominant ‘White Nile’ ideologies was titled:

• The Aztecs clearly practiced human sacrifice. However, it is argued that the Aztec actually tended to exaggerate this practice. Why would they have exaggerated the number of human sacrificial victims

18. Define a functionalist view of social stratification.

19. Give one modern example each for a Black Nile and a White Nile view of Egypt.

20. What is one characteristic of Mexican archaeology that makes it Nationalist?  What is one characteristic of U.S. archaeology in México that makes it Imperialistic?

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 ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Final Exam - Spring 2010

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. In which period of Egyptian history were the great pyramids built?

1. Old Kingdom
2. Middle Kingdom
3. Intermediate Period
4. New Kingdom
5. Late Period

2. Although the Inca did not have writing, they kept very accurate accounting records through:

1. carving lines into stone tablets
2. tying knots to make Kipus
3. using beads
4. oral tradition
5. gold coins

3. Ascending and descending anachronisms are:

• Ways in which the past is manipulated to make the present
• Typologies of ceramics
• Dating techniques
• The means through which unilinear evolutionists ordered cultures
• Types of ethnographic analogy

4. What was the effect of the burning of the royal archive of Ebla?

• It destroyed the majority of the clay tablets
• It lead to the replacement of Eblaite by Sumerian
• It aided in the preservation of the clay tablets
• It destroyed most of the papyrus documents
• It lead to the destruction of the royal burial housed within the same structure

5. Which archaeological site contains an army of ceramic figurines?

• The tomb of China’s 1st Emperor, Chin Shih Huang Ti
• The Death Pits of Ur
• The Babri Mosque
• Tikal
• Machu Picchu

6. Chinampas, or the “floating gardens” found at Tenochtitlan were:

• Religious items dedicated to the rainbow serpent
• A very labor intensive but fertile type of agriculture
• Part of the Aztec process of sacrificing humans to the gods
• Religious altars owned by the nobility
• Found in central city plazas

7. During the Civil War what new technology did the South create in an attempt to defeat the North?

1. Long Range Cannons
2. Gatlin Gun
3. Explosive rounds
4. Submarine
5. Bi-wing glider plane

8. In Africa, complex civilizations:

• never developed
• developed along trade routes during the iron age
• only appeared in Egypt
• were primitive
• only existed after European colonization

9 Agriculture and village life in China:
a.     diffused from Europe
b.     developed during the Chinese Neolithic
c.     followed the construction of tomb of Emperor Chin
d.     was based on corn, beans and squash

e. Did not include the domestication of animals

10. Symbols on Harrapan seals:
a.     were derived from Mesoamerica
b.     did include animals
c.     were written in cuneiform
d.     can be read by modern scholars
e.     suggest a written language

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. In lecture we argued that the West uses two concepts to describe the “other”.  Define each of these concepts.

12. Why does the archaeological analysis of modern garbage give more accurate information on modern household consumption practices than interview surveys?

13. Define the “White Nile” and the “Black Nile” theories of Egyptian Civilization.

14. Define “La Raza” and describe its role in modern Mexico?

15. People independently invented writing at least 4 times, but not for the same reasons.  List two places where writing was invented and the reasons for this invention in each place.

16. How is the ancient Native American past of North America incorporated into the National Identity of the United States?


17. According to lecture, why do massive royal tombs usually appear at the beginning of a civilization’s existence rather than at its apex?

18. What was the Hunley ?

19. Why did a Hindu mob destroy the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, India?

20. What are two problems with the concept of Western Civilization?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Final Exam - Spring 2011

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. .“Mythic History” refers to:

1. The creation stories of Native Americans
2. Little or no separation between past events and the present
3. The oral history used to find the cemetery in The Incan Rebellion
4. They key for deciphering the hieroglyphics at the site of Mari, Syria
5. The change in relgion of New Kingdom Egypt

2. The movie The Great Inca Rebellion highlights:
a) The starvation practices the Spanish used in war
b) The civil war between the Olmec and Inca at time of contact
c) The genetic mixing that occurred between local and European populations
d) The impact that kipu (a knot based recording system) played in organizing resistance
e) That the Spanish victory relied on Indigenous allies

3. Thomas Patterson in the final chapter of his book Inventing Civilization argues that:
a) Ruling classes see themselves as the civilized people and that other populations are uncivilized.
b) Because of its flaws, any writing using the term civilization should be discounted and ignored
c) Civilization should be applied to cultures that meet most (but not necessarily all) of Childe’s criteria
d) Western Civilization has peaked, and a new, likely Oriental Civilization, will rise in its place
e) The spread of writing, and literacy across the globe is allowing all groups to become civilized

4. The Olmec were
a)  An Iron age culture that built the Great Zimbabwe
b) An early Mesoamerican culture with giant stone heads and earthen pyramids
c) An early agriculture group in south central China with elaborate bronzes
d) A colonial period rebellion, likely descendent from the Mesa Verde populations
e) A family chosen for further study by the Tucson Garbage Project

5. In what period were King Tutankhamen, Akhenatin, and the Ramsess pharos of Egypt?
a) Old Kingdom
b)Middle Kingdom
c) Second Intermediary Period
d) New Kingdom
e) Late Period

6. V. Gordon Childe’s theory of Urban Revolution argues that interdependence was the key to civilization. Which of the following is necessary for Childe’s Urban Revolution Theory:
a. craft specialization
b. political dissent
c. building pyramids
d. egalitarianism
e. monotheism

7. Why was the city of Mari built in the 3rd millenium BC?
a. As an artistic and cultural capital of the Indus Valley
b. As a strategic military outpost on the Nile
c. As a center for trade in Mesopotamia
d. As a scientific and astronomical research center in the Yucatan
e. As a refuge for people fleeing Babylon

8. The Moche and Chavin are examples of the Early Horizon and Early Intermediate periods in what modern day nation ?
a. United States
b. Mexico
c. Peru
d. Iraq
e. China

9 Excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia by Sir Leonard Woolley revealed the

1. Death pit in the tomb of Queen Pu-abi and bodies of dozens of her retainers.
2. Terra cotta army protecting the body of the king and the queen.
3. Mummified bodies of the king and the queen.
4. Bodies from the Assyrian siege of UR.
5. Bodies of the people who were sacrificed for the goddess of the war

10. Garbage project excavations in landfills has shown that
a. Americans are producing less and less garbage
b. The fastest increasing component of garbage is plastics
c. What people throw away fits our ethnic stereotypes
d. We are running out of space for landfills
e. That organic materials do not decompose in landfills

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. Following the Mexican revolution how did nationalistic intellectuals and scholars use heritage to redefine the identity of Mexican people?
.

12. Why is the European Union trying to promote a pan-European identity?  Give an example of how they have used archaeology to do this.

13. Define heritage and its role in nationalism.

14. List two differences between the Classic Maya and the Post Classic Maya.

15. Give one modern example each for a Black Nile and a White Nile view of Egypt.

16. How does the idea of “social Darwinism” relate to the concept of the civilization?

17. Why did the Chinese never adopt an alphabetic writing system?

18. List one advantage and one limitation of the Tucson Garbage Project.

19. A Descending anachronism projects events, institutions or identities forward in time. Give an example.

20. List two reasons modern people are fascinated by royal burials?

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                                                                                        ANTHROPOLOGY 125
                                                    Final Exam - Spring 2012

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. According to the movie “The Great Inka Rebellion,” what was one of the key elements that contributed to the success of the Spanish conquistadors in overthrowing the Inca empire?
1. The Inkas were peaceful people who had no army to fight against the Spanish.
2. Pizarro’s forces were joined by reinforcements from Spain during the siege of Lima.
3. Native people who had been conquered by the Inka joined the Spanish to fight against the Inka.
4. The Inkas believed the Spanish were gods and were scared to fight against them.
5. The Inka ruler Atahualpa converted to Christianity and accepted the divine rule of the Spanish king.

2.             Which of the following ancient writing systems has not been translated by modern scholars?

1. Egyptian
2. Sumerian
3. Harrapan
4. Moche
5. Missisippian

3.             African kings at Meroe in Ethiopia

1. conquered Sumer
2. were the high priests of Quetzalcoatl
3. first developed writing around 900 B.C.
4. practiced cannibalism
5. were descended from Nubian Egyptian pharaohs

4.             The royal tombs at Sipan

1. include the “death pit” of Queen Puabi
2. contained hundreds of terra cotta warriors
3. contained the most elaborate burials in the Americas
4. support the “Black Nile” theory
5. are the earliest evidence of hierarchy in East Asia

5.             The Washington Monument and the pyramid symbol on U.S. currency are examples of:

1. Black Nile theory
2. White Nile theory
3. Greek revival
4. Egyptian designs inspired by the finding of King Tut’s tomb
5. Knights Templar

6.             According to Schmand-Besserat, prior to writing, records were kept in the Near East using ______ as early as 8500 BC.

1. Tokens
2. Sticks
3. Ceramic vessels
4. Reeds
5. Oracle bones
   

7.             According to Marx, all economic wealth comes from

1. hard work and innovation of entrepreneurs
2. free market capitalism
3. socialist revolution
4. labor of workers
5. government regulation of markets

8.             What do archaeologists believe is the primary use of the Inka kipu?

1. Communicating religious ideology to subjects who lived far from the Inka heartland.
2. Keeping track of taxes and census information.
3. Organizing lists of the Inka kings.
4. Deciding when it was best to plant crops.
5. As a tool to help plan the Inka road system.

9.             Knossos is located in

1. Sardinia
2. Crete
3. Anatolian mainland
4. Greek mainland
5. Levant

10.           According to the findings of the Garbage Project, what one type of garbage makes up the largest percentage of household waste in the United States?

1. plastics
2. tin cans
3. styrofoam
4. disposable diapers
5. paper

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11.           What did Hindu nationalists claim was beneath Ayodhya mosque?  What evidence did they cite to support their claim?
 12.          What did archaeologist seek to recover in the film Raising the Hunley?
13.           Explain the ideology behind Mayan ritual bloodletting as outlined in your textbook.
14.           Why have Mexican nationalists concentrated on the Aztecs in their archaeological research?
15.           Most of the civilizations discussed in the textbook, including those of Egypt, China, Southwest Asia, and Europe, appear after people have adopted agriculture.  Why is agriculture so frequently linked with the development of cultural complexity?
16.           What is the “paradox” of royal burials?
17.           During the Uruk period, cities were built along rivers across southern Mesopotamia.  Give two reasons why these people chose to locate their cities near rivers.

18. How do Kus and Pollock define "Mythic History"?

19. An ascending anachronism projects events, institutions or identities backwards in time. Give an example.

20. Why is sorting someone’s garbage a better way of assessing their dietary habits than asking them to record their consumption?  Give two reasons.

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                                                    ANTHROPOLOGY 125
                                                    Final Exam - Spring 2013

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. Who argued for the rights of natives and against the brutality of colonization?
1. The encomendores
2. The king of Spain
3. Bartolome de las Casas
4. Sir Thomas Smith
5. General Sepulveda
2. In the middle of the twentieth century Neo-Evolution rejected ______________.
1. Capitalism
2. Ethnocentrism
3. Global trade
4. Science
5. Evolutionism
3. Mayan civilization is known to have evolved in ______________.
1. Spain
2. The Yucatan
3. South America
4. Egypt
5. Mesopotamia
4. Captain Dixon who was the lead officer of the Hunley carried a ________ for good luck.
1. Rabbit foot
2. Silver cross
3. 20 dollar gold piece
4. Small bible
5. Copper bullet
5. Prior to the Enlightenment, writing was principally a mechanism of ________ governed by elites.
1. free speech
2. social control
3. free trade
4. common rule
5. universal education
6. The ________ civilization flourished in the Indus Valley in what is now Pakistan and India in the third millennium B.C.
1. Harappan
2. Greek
3. Egyptian
4. Mayan
5. Chinese
7. The archaeology of the Prehispanic cities of Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan
1. was appropriated by American archaeologists working in South America
2. has been extremely controversial because American archaeologists do not accept them as civilization.
3. is used to support Mexican national identity and the tourist economy.
4. shows that civilizations occur in societies without state religion or monumental architecture.
5. reveals that earlier empires preceded the Inca in the Andes.
8. The movie The Great Inca Rebellion highlights:
1. The conquest of the Moche by the Inca in A.D. 700
2. The mixed genetic heritage of Peru's modern-day people
3. The role of the quipu in organizing Inca resistance
4. The Indigenous allies that aided the Spanish in defeating the Inca.
5. The relatively smooth transition from Incan to Spanish rule in Peru.
9. The Garbage Project found that:
1. Poorer households waste less food than wealthier ones
2. Wealthier households consume different products than poorer ones
3. There is no more space for the vast amounts of garbage that we produce
4. Public recycling campaigns result in greater numbers of households recycling
5. Although there is a lot of garbage, most of it decomposes in the landfill
10. According to Wenke and Olszewski, iron-working technology immediately preceded ______________ in Sub-Saharan Africa around 500 B.C.
1. the use of irrigation for maize agriculture
2. the conquest of the area by the Persians and later the Greeks
3. the evolutionary transition from savagery to barbarism
4. the invention of a hieroglyphic writing system
5. the rapid rise of complex societies

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. What paradox did the communist government of China face in interpreting the tomb and terra cotta soldiers of the first Chinese emperor Chin Shin Huang Ti?

12. Define stratified society and give an example of such a society from lecture or the book.

13. In discussions of how people use the past to create identities, Susan Pollock and Susan Kus define “mythic history” as?

14. Give an example of both Black Nile and White Nile views of Egypt in contemporary culture, media or art.

15. In pottery (ceramic) production, what is temper?

16. What is the difference between a functionalist view of social stratification and an exploitative (fungal) view?

17. List one advantage and one limitation of studying modern garbage to understand human behavior.

18. Why  might the Aztec have exaggerated the amount of human sacrifice occurring at Tenochtitlán? Why would the Spanish have exaggerated it?

19. What are two characteristics that ancient cities share?

20. What are two characteristics that Wenke and Olszewski identify for the Shang culture (1600 – 1046 BCE) of China?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Final Exam - Spring 2014

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. In The Great Inca Rebellion one individual had a unique wound that was never seen before in this context. What was it?
a) Decapitated
b) Mummified
c) Gunshot wound
d) Blunt force trauma
e) Scars from blood sacrifices

2. Which Union military strategy was the Hunley designed to counteract?
a) The use of the ironclad Monitor
b) The use of freed slaves as Union soldiers
c) Emancipation
d) The shelling of Fort Sumner in Charleston harbor
e) The blockade of Charleston harbor.

3. What was one indication of social change in Neolithic Europe?
a) The appearance of megalithic structures
b) The development of a standard currency
c) The introduction of feudalism
d) Mass migration from Western to Eastern Europe
e) The domestication of rice

4. The Olmec culture demonstrated an early example of:
a) Andean South American monumental architecture
b) Bronze-working in China
c) Trade between Mesopotamia and Egypt
d) Human sacrifice in the Valley of Mexico
e) A complex society in the South Gulf Coast of Mesoamerica

5. According to Wenke and Olszewski, a key aspect of colonization in the Pacific Islands was:
a) The use of irrigation for maize agriculture
b) The conquest of the area by the Persians and later the Greeks
c) The spread of Lapita pottery
d) The invention of a hieroglyphic writing system
e) The evolutionary transition from savagery to barbarism

6. According to Denise Schmandt-Besserat, writing originated in order to:
a) Record important religious practices
b) Count the passage of time
c) Take a census
d) Maintain a list of kings
e) Count and maintain accounting records

7. The tablets found at the Royal Archive in Ebla were written in what script?
a) Hieroglyphics
b) Cyrillic
c) Hebrew
d) Cuneiform
e) Inuktitut

8. Many of the greatest pyramids and palaces in Egypt were built during which period?
a) Old Kingdom
b) Second Intermediate Period
c) Middle Kingdom
d) New Kingdom
e) Archaic

9. Which of the following royal burials included numerous sacrificial victims?
a) Tomb of Paca
b) Tomb of the first emperor of China
c) Sutton Hoo
d) Tomb of King Tut
e) Ur

10. What was a primary advantage of using archaeological methods in the University of Arizona’s Garbage    Project, rather than traditional methods of researching consumption?
a) Undergraduates learned valuable and enjoyable garbage sorting skills
b) It allowed researchers to create an official museum of garbage
c) The trash bags were labeled so researchers knew exactly which household each bag came from
d) Corporate sponsors of the project were able to learn the names of people who bought their products
e) It did not affect the processes being studied as do more intrusive research methods

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. Why did a mob incited by Hindu nationalists destroy the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, India?

12. What were two changes that indicated the decline of the Classical Maya?

13. What is the paradox of ancient royal burials?

14. List two reasons why we know less about Harappan civilization than we know about Egypt and Mesopotamia.

15. What is the difference between a functionalist view of social stratification and an exploitative (fungal) view?

16. How did the Rosetta Stone come to be in the British Museum?

17. List two limitations of studying modern garbage to understand human behavior.

18. What are two differences between how Mexican archaeologists and U.S. archaeologists study Mesoamerica?

19. Give one example of how Native American pasts are incorporated into the National Identity of the United States?

20. What are two characteristics that Wenke and Olszewski identify for complex societies in Africa?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Final Exam - Spring 2015

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. Wenke and Olszewski conclude Patterns in Prehistory by stating that although “...we can look back and discern many similar evolutionary sequences in the past”...
1. Agriculture is what drove the development of cultural complexity
2. Metal technologies drove the development of cultural complexity
3. Religion drove the development of cultural complexity
4. No general theory has won universal acceptance
5. We will never know much about extinct cultures

2. Which of the following is one of the critiques Neo-evolutionists directed at 19th century social evolutionists?

1. Not enough focus on urban life
2. Being ethnocentric in their analysis
3. Being too descriptive rather than explanatory
4. Not writing for a wider audience
5. Being too focused on individuals

3. According to Patterns in Prehistory, A central focus of Mayan ritual life was

1. A matriarchal society
2. Blood-letting
3. Cannibalism
4. Belief in a single god
5. An Egalitarian society 

4. The Hunley was:

1. A Mexican  warship
2. A Union submarine
3. A Confederate submarine
4. A Confederate warship
5. A battle during the civil war

5. Which of the following is one of the shared traits of Death Pits of Ur and the Tomb of Chin Shih Huang Ti?

1. They both used a highly elaborate currency system.
2. Both were built in the beginning period of the respective civilizations.
3. Both display instances of ritual human sacrifice.
4. They show uncanny architectural similarities.
5. They are both regarded by Western scholars as inferior to the Maya. 

6. From the film Living Stones seen in class, where is the city of Mari located on the map of modern day states?

1. Syria
2. Egypt
3. Nepal
4. Bolivia
5. Romania

7.         Based on the movie "The Great Inca Rebellion" what was the main cause of the fall of the Inca Empire?
a) Superior Spanish valor and weapons
b) Spanish war dogs
c) Inca Cowardice
d) Believed the Spanish were gods and surrendered
e) Spain’s Native allies

8. Why did Rathje’s garbage project hand out free fruit and vegetables to college students?

11. As an incentive for sorting smelly garbage as a volunteer
12. To collect information about the average weight of peels produced after eating one item
13. Students picked the food out of the garbage they were sorting
14. To see if item preference shifted depending on the time of day
15. To teach students about not wasting food

9. After the Mexican Revolution, murals depicting scenes of Spanish and Indigenous contact helped to

16. Memorialize those killed during the revolution
17. Establish a new unified sense of Mexican identity as Mestizos 
18. Cover obscene graffiti that angry citizens had painted on city walls during the war
19. Denigrate Indians in México
20. Raise money to rebuild government infrastructure

10. The most common Harappan writing recorded transactions or ownership, and took the form of:

1. Folding books called codices
2. Cuneiform script on stone tablets
3. A very early alphabetic language
4. Seals and stamps
5. Graffiti on pyramids

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. What new belief did Akhenaten use to challenge priestly bureaucracy in the New Kingdom of Egypt?

12. What role did Indian archaeology play in the conflict over the Ayodhya Mosque?

13. List two ways people interact with the border wall between Nogales, Sonora and Nogales, Arizona that the builders of the wall did not intend

14. List two animals that were domesticated in ancient Peru.

15. List two of the problems associated with the “White Nile” appropriation of ancient Egypt by the West?

16. At the turn of the 18th/19th century, how did the first ancient Egyptian collections come to the British Museum?

17. List two advantages of studying modern garbage to understand human behavior.

18.  Why do Mexican high school students usually know far more about archaeology then do American high school students? 

19. List two positive and two negative aspects of ancient royal tombs.

20. What are two characteristics that Wenke and Olszewski (Patterns of Prehistory) identify for complex societies in Africa

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                                                                  ANTHROPOLOGY 125
                                                      Final Exam - Spring 2016
Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. According to your lecture, which of the following countries is the only one to be named after an archaeological site?
1. Egypt
2. Zimbabwe
3. Algeria
4. Mali
5. Libya

 

2. Where does the majority of ancient artwork in museums come from?
1. Temples
2. Ancient homes
3. Royal Burials
4. Trash pits (middens)
5. Schools
3. Public artworks and archaeological research in Mexico both appeal to interest in the national symbol of...
1. The cosmic race
2. Frida Kahlo
3. Imperialism
4. The works of Franz Boas
5. Technology

 

4. One conclusion of the Garbage project was:
1. Self-reports about behavior are inaccurate
2. Garbage stops smelling after a 10 week time period
3. Americans waste very little food
4. Females and males produce very different trash assemblages
5. All trash decomposes rapidly
5. Once retrieved, archaeologists were amazed by how the sunken Hunley (the confederate submarine) was
1. so small
2. so beautifully painted
3. broken into so many pieces
4. constructed primarily of wood
5. filled with marine plant growth 

 

6. Wenke and Olszewski argue that most aspects of cultural complexity are the partial products of
1. agricultural production and technology
2. religious symbology and sacred texts
3. climactic shifts and disease
4. trade and transportation
5. sex and gender roles

If you learn anything from the lecture about White Nile, Black Nile, it should be:

1. That Egypt is in Africa
2. That most of the first civilizations came from near rivers.
3. The story of Akhenaten and the Great Heresy
4. That royal tombs are beautiful yet based in exploitation and violence
5. That archaeology can be used to challenge apartheid myths
8. The Royal Burial at Sipan in Peru, was discovered by
1. American Antiquities Dealers
2. Chinese school children
3. The American Central Intelligence Agency
4. Looters
5. Peruvian archaeologists

 

9. “The European conquerors of the New World, for example, pointed to the prevalence of warfare, human sacrifice, and ritual murder as evidence that the New World peoples were____________ who could only benefit from the imposition of Western “civilization.” (Wenke and Olszewski 2007:482).
1. Bailiffs
2. Illiterate
3. Barbarians
4. Technocrats
5. Slaves
10. The ancient Sumerian city of Mari, featured in one of the films we watched, contains________________.

a. some of the best preserved paintings known from ancient Sumer
b. the remarkable burials of Queen Puabi and her retainers
c. the largest library of clay tablets yet discovered from ancient Sumer
d. little or no evidence for a palace or a temple
e.  the first evidence for the development of the wheel

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. Your textbook discusses the animals and crops grown in early Egypt.  List one of each.
12. List 2 of the 4 problems discussed in lecture about the Western appropriation of Egyptian history:
1. The movie, Great Inca Rebellion, discusses the excavation and interpretation of an Incan cemetery near Lima Peru.  List 2 ways Incan researchers knew that something was strange about the bodies in the cemetery.
14. List two common characteristics of state societies:
15. List two ways with an example for each that an archaeology of the contemporary can contribute to the understanding of modern issues?

What are Chinampas? Which culture practiced this form of agriculture?

1. The Classic Maya period saw greater levels of stratification than did the Post-classic Maya period. How did the life expectancy of elites compare to that of commoners during both periods?

List 2 mechanisms of cultural change that Wenke and Olskewski discuss.

1. Memorialization can be associated with concepts of immortality. Provide two archaeological examples of immortality through memorialization.

What was the archaeological question at the Barbri Mosque in Ayodhya, India?  What was one problem with the archaeological research that was done?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125
Final Exam - Spring 2017

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

What is Orientalism?
The adoption of non-Western technology by the West
The adoption of Western technology by non-Western people
The West’s bias  towards other Asian cultures
Non-Western groups’ patronizing attitude towards the West
The adoption of religions in Asia in the West

According to Patterson, __________ advocated “survival of the fittest” as the cause of cultural change.
a)            Cultural evolution
b)            Natural evolution
c)             Neo-evolution
d)            Social Darwinism
e)             Diffusion

Which continent is Egypt a part of
a)            Asia
b)            Africa
c)             Europe
d)            South America
e)             Australia

One of the largest and earliest Neolithic towns occupied in Anatolia is called_________________.
a. Cahokia
b. Teotihuacan
c. Çatalhöyök
d. Hasan Dag
e. Babylon

Wenke and Olszewski point out that archaeologists tend to label groups of people in the past as one of four basic types of societies. What are these four basic types?
Bands, societies, nations, states
Tribes, nations, states, confederacies
Bands, communes, chiefdoms, tribes
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states
Villages, towns, kingdoms, nations

It is said that there are two archaeologies in Mexico: Mexican and US. What kinds of archaeology are these?
a)            Nationalist and Imperialist
b)            Nationalist and Socialist
c)             Marxist and Nationalist
d)            Colonialist and Imperialist
e)             Impressionist and Cubist

How was the Hunley lost?
a)            It was left unattended and floated off into the Mississippi river
b)            It was destroyed by the SS Housatonic in a naval battle in the Missouri river
c)             It was intentionally destroyed by the Confederacy due to all the crewman who died
d)            It disappeared after sinking a warship in Charleston Harbor
e)             It was hijacked by Union soldiers and destroyed to prevent its use

The Mesopotamian city of Mari existed in what is now modern-day Syria. Where was the team that excavated it from, and what kind of archaeology is this?
a)            French, Imperialist
b)            Syrian, Nationalist
c)             Mexican, Colonialist
d)            Mauritanian, Nationalist
e)             Martian, indigenous

European accounts of the Incan rebellion state that the Spanish prevailed over the rebels because of superior weapons and valor.  What really happened?

1. a)            The Spanish charged in with their cavalry, trampling and destroying the rebel forces by targeting their leaders.
2. b)            The Spanish captured the chief’s daughter and threatened to kill her if he didn’t surrender.
3. c)             The leader of the Spanish forces, Cortez, convinced the Inca he was a god.
4. d)            Another native tribe poisoned the rebels’ water.
5. e)             The Spanish relied on indigenous  reinforcements from a rival tribe to destroy the rebel force.

One of the major causes of the “under development” of Africa would be_________
a)            The absence of great kingdoms
b)            A bad distribution of wealth
c)             A lack of nationalistic ideas
d)            European conquest
e)             A massive trade deficit

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

List two ways that archaeology has been involved in the dispute over the Babri Mosque, Ayodhya, India.

Garbage Project excavations of  landfills have shown the two biggest misconceptions surrounding landfills are?

Why, after gaining independence, did the British colony of Rhodesia changed its name to Zimbabwe?

At its peak, Teotihuacán was the largest city in the Western hemisphere. Describe four features that made it so impressive.

According to Patterson, who were the two major figures in the radical critique of civilization?

What is the paradox of ancient royal burials?

List one way that the White Nile theory and Black Nile theory are similar and one way they differ.

In the movie, The Great Inka Rebellion what were two pieces of evidence that the bodies at Purochuco were not normal burials?

According to Dr. McGuire in his lecture on The Paradox of Royal Burials what is the relationship between immortality and the state?

What two rivers define  Mesopotamia?

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                                                                 ANTHROPOLOGY 125
                                                       Final Exam - Spring 2018

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. What are the two ways in which Western Society characterizes/views the “Other”?

1. Progressive and Russian
2. Oriental and Primitive
3. Hunter-gatherers and Agriculturalists
4. Highlanders and Cave Men
5. Elites and Commoners

2. Egypt is in

1. Asia
2. Africa
3. Europe
4. America
5. Australia

3. According to Wenke and Olzewski (Patterns in Prehistory), which of the following is an attribute of a chiefdom?

1. Power comes from an ideological basis
2. Social egalitarianism
3. Full time craftsman and other specialists
4. Nominal short term leaders
5. Integrated, national economy

4. According to Wenke and Olzewski (Patterns in Prehistory), the _____ is a single river through most of the Egypt that provided an enormous source of food and other resources.

1. The Mississippi River
2. The Amazon River
3. The Sepki River
4. The Nile River
5. The Niger River

5. What was the main cause for the decline of Sumerian civilization?

1. Hardened layers of salt on the soil
2. Warfare
3. Internal conflicts
4. Decline in water resources
5. Increase in social stratification

6. Why were the new weapons such as the Hunley, used by the Confederacy in the American Civil War referred to as “infernal machines”?

1. Because they were dark and scary
2. Because they were nearly impossible to defend against
3. Because they caused annoying after effects
4. Because they were loud
5. Because they were nonlethal

7. Why don’t we see massive buildings and pyramids such as those in Egypt in the remains of the Harappan civilization?

1. They did not build any
2. They built with mud bricks
3. They were destroyed in warfare
4. They were destroyed by natural disasters
5. No archaeologists have looked for them

8. Which country is the only country named after an archaeological site?

1. Zimbabwe
2. Ghana
3. Mali
4. Egypt
5. Timbuktu

9. Wenke and Olszewski in Patterns in Prehistory state that the Pacific Islands have rich resources available. Which of the following below are important foods in the Pacific?

1. Corn, beans, and squash
2. Tortillas, salsa, guacamole
3. Yams, breadfruit
4. Rice, barley
5. Wheat, potatoes

10. The movie The Great Inca Rebellion emphasize:

1. The starvation practices the Spanish used in war
2.  The civil war between the Olmec and Inca at time of contact
3. The genetic mixing that occurred between local and European populations
4. The impact that Inca royalty played in organizing resistance
5. That the Spanish victory at Lima relied on Indigenous allies

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

11. Archaeological analysis of modern garbage gives more accurate information on modern household consumption practices than interview surveys. What are two common problems with interview surveys?

12. List four characteristics of Aztec religion.

13. What are two falsehoods that European powers used to justify their conquests in Africa?

14. Give an example of White Nile and an example of Black Nile views in contemporary popular culture and/or thought.

15. In Patterns in Prehistory Chapter 7, Wenke and Olzewski argue that Chinese civilization had all of the standard markers for early civilization. List four of these markers.

16. List two reasons Chinese archaeologists have not excavated the tomb of Chin Shih Haung Ti?

17. List two inventions that the Sumerians used to control water for agriculture?

18. List one way in which Harappan civilization resembled that of Mesopotamia and one way in which it differed?

19. The U.S.-México border in Ambos Nogales has been materialized in three different ways since the 1950s.  List two of these ways.

20. Neoevolutionists have proposed two competing theories to explain the evolution of stratification in societies: Functionalist view and Exploitative (Fungal) view. How do these two theories differ?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125

Final Exam - Spring 2019

 

 

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

1. What is the Hunley?
1. A German U-Boat that was found off the coast of Virginia
2. A Confederate submarine that disappeared after sinking a Union shop
3. The name of the crane that is used in underwater archaeology
4. The name of team that excavated a shipwreck from the Civil War
5. The oldest ship to be excavated in the United States
2. Pottery and ______ ornaments were commonly found in Longshan burials in China.
1. Opal
2. Obsidian
3. Lapus lazuli
4. Jade
5. Diamond
3. According to the film on Mesopotamia, which major domesticated product contributed significantly to the development of Sumer?
1. Corn
2. Beans
3. Rye
4. Squash
5. Wheat
4. Which period of Egyptian history is associated with Akhenaten & the great heresy?
1. Old Kingdom
2. Middle Kingdom
3. 2^nd Intermediate Period
4. New Kingdom
5. Late Period
5. What type of farming did the Aztecs practice at Tenochtitlan?
1. Waffle gardens
2. Large irrigation canals
3. Chinampas
4. Slash and Burn
5. Coil and Scrape
6. ________ is the only country that is named after an archaeological site.
1. Zimbabwe
2. Ethiopia
3. Ghana
4. Sudan
5. Mali
7. Which empire are the Death Pits of Ur associated with?
1. Mesopotamia
2. Egypt
3. China
4. British
5. Aztec

 

1. Why do archaeologists find few monumental buildings in West Africa?
2. Because there was no civilization there
3. Because European colonial governments destroyed them
4. Because buildings in West Africa were built of mud and brick
5. Because archaeologists have not search for them
6. Because there is no monumental architecture in Africa outside of Egypt
7. Which of the following civilizations was found in the Indus Valley?
1. Greek
2. Aztec
3. Chinese
4. Harappan
5. Inca
8. Who launched the Garbology Project in the 1970s?
1. Franz Boas
2. V. Gordon Childe
3. William Rathje
4. Thomas Patterson
5. Marvin Harris
9. Pre-Hispanic people in the Andes of South America routinely ate which of these animals?
1. Sheep
2. Guinea pig
3. Large mole rat
4. Groundhog
5. Cattle
10. What was the primary reason for the development of writing in China?
1. For maker’s mark on terra cotta soldiers in the Chin Shih Huang Ti tomb
2. For divination
3. For trade and commerce
4. For astrology
5. For recording important stories about heroes

  

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

 

13. List two similarities between the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and that of the Inca?

 

14. List two ways in which the Europeans diminished or downplayed the accomplishments of African civilizations.

 

15. Describe a problem that the archaeologists faced while raising the H.L. Hunley and explain how they “solved” that problem.

 

16. Give one example of archaeological evidence that Wenke and Olzewski discuss for the demise of Harappan civilization.

 

17. What is the US border policy of Prevention Through Deterrence?

 

 18. According to the lecture, what is the paradox of ancient royal burials?

 

19. Major rivers play a prominent role in the development of several ancient civilizations. Using specific examples, list two ways that rivers were important to early civilizations

 

20. How was the concept of the mestizo used to create a Mexican National identity?

 

21. How did the colonial history of Africa affect the formation of nation states and national identities after independence?

 

 

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125

                                                        Final Exam - Spring 2022

 

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

 Who argued for the rights of Indians and against the brutality of colonization?

1. The encomendores
2. The king of Spain
3. Bartolome de las Casas
4. Sir Thomas Smith
5. General Sepulveda

In the middle of the twentieth century Neo-Evolution rejected ______________.

1. Capitalism
2. Ethnocentrism
3. Global trade
4. Science
5. Evolutionism

Mayan civilization is known to have evolved in ______________.

1. Spain
2. The Yucatan
3. South America
4. Egypt
5. Mesopotamia

 The largest Ancient city in the Western hemisphere was:

a.           Hohokam

b.           Ur

c.           Teotihuacán

d.           Cahokia

e. Monte Verde

 

Prior to the Enlightenment, writing was principally a mechanism of ________ governed by elites.

1. free speech
2. social control
3. free trade
4. common rule
5. universal education

The ________ civilization flourished in the Indus Valley in what is now Pakistan and India in the third millennium B.C.

1. Harappan
2. Greek
3. Egyptian
4. Mayan
5. Chinese

The archaeology of the Prehispanic cities of Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan

1. was appropriated by American archaeologists working in South America
2. has been extremely controversial because American archaeologists do not accept them as civilization.
3. is used to support Mexican national identity and the tourist economy.
4. shows that civilizations occur in societies without state religion or monumental architecture.
5. reveals that earlier empires preceded the Inca in the Andes.

The movie The Great Inca Rebellion highlights:

1. The conquest of the Moche by the Inca in A.D. 700
2. The mixed genetic heritage of Peru's modern-day people
3. The role of the quipu in organizing Inca resistance
4. The Indigenous allies that aided the Spanish in defeating the Inca.
5. The relatively smooth transition from Incan to Spanish rule in Peru.

The Garbage Project found that:

1. Poorer households waste less food than wealthier ones
2. Wealthier households consume different products than poorer ones
3. There is no more space for the vast amounts of garbage that we produce
4. Public recycling campaigns result in greater numbers of households recycling
5. Although there is a lot of garbage, most of it decomposes in the landfill

 During which of the following periods in Egyptian history were Upper and Lower Egypt united, and the

    Great Pyramids built?

1. The Historic Period
2. The New Kingdom
3. The Old Kingdom
4. The Late Period
5. The Middle Kingdom

 

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

 

What two paradoxes did the communist government of China face in interpreting the tomb and terra cotta soldiers of the first Chinese emperor Chin Shin Huang Ti?

 

What is the paradox of royal burials?

 

In discussions of how people use the past to create identities, Susan Pollock and Susan Kus define “mythic history” as?

 

Give an example of both Black Nile and White Nile views of Egypt in contemporary culture, media or art.

 

In pottery (ceramic) production, what is temper?

 

What is the difference between a functionalist view of social stratification and an exploitative (fungal) view?

 

List one advantage and one limitation of studying modern garbage to understand human behavior.

 

Why might the Aztec have exaggerated the amount of human sacrifice occurring at Tenochtitlán? Why would the Spanish have exaggerated it?

 

What are two characteristics that ancient cities share?

 

What is one characteristic of Mexican archaeology that makes it Nationalist?  What is one characteristic of U.S. archaeology in México that makes it Imperialistic?

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ANTHROPOLOGY 125

                                                        Final Exam - Spring 2023

 

 

Multiple Choice - Circle the best answer - (2 points each)

 

1. In the movie The Great Inca Rebellion, the Inca rose in revolt against ______.

Spanish Conquistadores

The British

1. Mayans
2. Portuguese forces
3. The Dutch

 

1. 15th century Africa was:
1. A continent of great wealth
2. Struggling to survive
3. Under European colonial control
4. United as one nation
5. Only comprised of Hunter/Gatherer societies
1. What was an Aztec Chinampa?
1. An Aztec weapon
2. An Aztec religious tradition
3. The name for an Aztec priest.
4. A floating garden.
5. Aztec writing    
1. Egypt is in _____.
2. The Middle East
3. South America
4. Europe
5. Asia
6. Africa

  

1. The most massive royal burials most often occur:
1. At the end of a civilization
2. Underwater
3. At the beginning of a civilization
4. Always
5. In the middle of a civilization

Who was Chin Shih Huang Ti?

1. First Pharaoh of Egypt
2. Governor of New York
3. God of the Harvest
4. First Emperor of China
5. Aztec Serpent God

An archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, India that was built by the first Mughal emperor, Babur in the 16^th century:

a.      Temple to Zeus

b.      Taj Mahal

c.       The Parthenon

d.      Ajanta Cave

e.             Babri Mosque

 

 From the study of modern garbage (Le Project du Garbage), it is known that: 

a.      Poor eat only canned and instant food

b.           Rich and poor eat similar food, but poor waste less

c.       Poorer households consume different types of food than wealthier ones

d.      Rich eat only fresh food

e.      Poor don’t shop grocery

 

t writing was independently invented in China, Mesoamerica (Maya), Mesopotamia and _______

Egypt

Rome

Inca

Hohokam

The Greeks

 

 The highest caste in Indian Hindu society:

a.            Brahmins

b.      Sudras

c.       Kshatriyas

d.      Dalits

e.      Vaishyas

 

SHORT ANSWER - You do not need to answer in complete sentences (4 points each).

 

List 2 ways Western forces justified the conquest of Benin in Africa.

 

List 2 contemporary examples of the “Black Nile” interpretation of Egypt?

 

What is one reason that the Aztec would have had for exaggerating the amount of human sacrifice at Tenochtitlán, and what is one reason that the Spanish would have exaggerated or fabricated reports of human\n sacrifice at the same city?

 

What are two reasons that people are fascinated by royal burials?

 

Define pictorial writing and define word sign writing. Give an example of each?

 

Define the archeology of the contemporary? Give ONE example!

 

What are two examples from class of massive royal burials?

 

How do Bahn and Fagan define “industrial archaeology”?

 

Who are “la raza” mean and why are they important in the definition of the modern state of México?

 

What was your favorite lecture in this course (from January to now)?

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